"Neither a Borrower. . ." Sir Robert Price, Bart., M.P. by ARTHUR JOHN FLINT

SIR ROBERT PRICE. a cultured gentleman. was certainly familiar with the advice of Polonius, but just as certainly disregarded it, for the acquisition of capital was the key to the misfortunes of this pioneer in the iron-making industry of Glamorgan. He came to the county in 1828 at the age of forty-two in the hope that industry would provide him with a fortune sufficient to support him as a Member of Parliament and to maintain his estates in Herefordshire. This chapter traces the progress and eventual disintegration of his industrial aspirations.

Sir Robert was acquainted with Wales from his boyhood. His father, the scholarly Uvedale Price, had built a house, designed by Nash, at Aberystwyth and his activities, with those of his friend Payne Knight, are chronicled by Miss Elizabeth Inglis-Jones in her Peacocks in Paradise. Uvedale Price was knighted in 1828 and died the following year at the age of eighty-two. He was related to the earl of Tyrconnel and the viscount Barrington.

The Price family seat was at Foxley Court, Yazor, Herefordshire, and it was here that Robert, the only son of Uvedale, was born on 3 August 1786. As befitted the son of a country gentleman, Robert was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford; later he was to study agriculture at Edinburgh. In 1811 he became a member of Grillon's Club, London. which was founded from the old Christ Church Debating Society and whose purpose was "the generous and courteous comprehension of diversities of political views". Membership was open "to both contending political parties and those with social and moral qualities". The members~ portraits were engraved by R. J. Lane; that of Sir Robert at the age of thirty-four is illustrated in this article. A memorable contribution appears to have been his offer to the Club of a gift of cider, the amount to depend on the appleage of his estate. Speculation arose as to whether each member would receive a wineglass or a hogshead, but the outcome was only six dozen bottles.

In 1818 Robert Price became the Whig M.P. for Herefordshire, holding the seat until 1841. In 1845 he was elected member for the city, and became chief steward, a position he held until the year of his death. [n 1823 he married his first cousin Mary Anne Elizabeth Price, succeeding to the title and estates on the death of his father six years later. Although a well-connected M.P. and possessor of a large country estate, with a town house at 11 Stratton Street, Piccadilly, he still needed a gainful enterprise. Consequently, he set about becoming an iron-master with vigour and tenacity but, unhappily, no experience. Cast-iron making with coke instead of charcoal was a hard and highly competitive industry, the techniques of which were still the secrets of the successful. It was the era of the Guests and Crawshays, and whilst they were able to establish a firm grip on the industry and to survive, Price's enterprise was to fail, with the result that little credit is now given to one of Glamorgan's early- 19th-century industrial pioneers.

Why did Robert Price come to South Wales and to Tondu, Glamorgan, in particular ? Unfortunately, his company records which should provide the answer to this problem were pulped during World War II, so direct evidence is lacking, but a considerable amount of secondary material exists from which his choice may be examined. One obvious reason was the availability of all the raw materials, iron-ore, limestone, coal for coke and water to drive or raise steam for blast engines and forge hammers, materials which were to be found there in abundance. Again, there was a steady influx of capital into the growing iron industry because of the increasing demand for wrought-iron of improved quality and of the standard necessary for the manufacture of the newly-invented production machinery.

Raw materials and the finished iron required transportation and it was the business of Parliament to legislate for this development, especially when it involved the acquisition of land for building tramroads, canals, and subsequently for steam-powered railways. Robert Price, in his capacity as an M.P.,would have been aware of the presentation in 1825 of a Bill permitting the construction of a harbour at Porthcawl and the building of the Duffryn Llynvi and Porthcawl Railway. This horse-drawn tramroad was laid down to connect the coal and iron areas of Maesteg and the Llynfi valley with the sea, the gauge being four-feet six-inches, with three-feet ten-inch cast-iron edge rails mounted on stone blocks.

The major promoters of the Bill were also M.P.s: Wyndham Lewis, the Member for Cardiff and partner of Sir Josiah John Guest, M.P., in the Dowlais Iron Company, and Sir Digby Mackworth of Usk, who had mining interests in Swansea and Neath. Wyndham Lewis bought shares worth £3,500 and Sir Digby £2,400 of the railway company's capital of £60,000. In 1828 Robert Price purchased an interest of £1,000 and subsequently a debentare mortgage of £5,000. The M.P.s promoting the tramroad and the area's potential enterprises would not fail to approach those of their fellows seeking likely openings for investment, such as Robert Price. It is a point of interest that when the widow of Wyndham Lewis married Benjamin D'lsraeli he acquired her shares, so that the prime minister of the country had an interest in the company. Robert Price became the largest proprietor, having an investment of £6,000. and on 23 May 1829 he took the chair at a meeting of the management committee. He was to attend about a third of the meetings, whether they were held in Glamorgan or Lcadon, although until the advent of the South Wales Railway in 1850 a journey from London to Bridgend took at least two days by coach and the same by horse from Hereford. In 1828 he acquired, for £1,450, approximately thirty-two acres of land adjacent to Porthcawl harbour, part of an area known as Pickets Lease, but due to problems over title the transaction could not be completed until 1840.

The tramroad opened for traffic in 1828, carrying material to and from the Maesteg Iron Works (then under construction), the spelter works at Coegnant owned by John Hodgkins Allen, and later, in 1837, for the Cambrian Iron Company. This development went on throughout the 1830's, when both the iron and tramroad companies were in financial difficulties, the latter needing revenue to pay its way but the former insufficiently developed to need much transport. The iron companies wanted cheap freight rates from the tramroad company, which was making little profit and receiving constant complaints from the shareholders.

Sir Robert's investment in the Duffryn Llynvi and Porthcawl Railway thus brought him little financial return but he was not deterred from his purpose to become an iron-master and set about leasing land on which to build an iron-works and from which to obtain the raw materials and the water to operate it. This required capital and on 14 February 1832, with the consent of his wife, he borrowed £4,000 at four-and-a-half per cent from the trust funds of his wife's marriage settlement, giving as security the £5,000 debenture mortgage he had in the railway. On 27 October 1834 he borrowed a further £20,527.6.0 from the same source, the security being his Herefordshire estates. Large sums today but much greater in those days.

Coal had been worked from outcrops in the Tondu district from medieval times. In 1835 William Bryant, who as the liquidator had bought up the furnace of John Bedford at Cefn Cribwr, leased land around Tondu farm (today Parc farm) from Sir John Nicholl, M.P. On 9 October 1838 this lease was taken over by Sir Robert Price in partnership with Sir Francis Knowles of Vaynor Park, Montgomeryshire, A. Harris of Bushey, Hertfordshire, and Frederick Beckford Long of Hampton, Surrey. As Sir Robert had to sign an indemnity bond in the sum of £10,000 to be forfeited should he fail to produce proof of the acquisition of title from Bryant, it is obvious that Sir Robert had taken possession of the land much earlier. This is also the only known instance of Sir Robert taking partners, but although their names remained on the deeds and subsequent amendments, the partnership was not maintained in practice. Lack of return on investment was, no doubt, a factor.

In 1835 the railway company leased land on Porthcawl quay to Sir Robert for the building of a warehouse; the children's boating pool now occupies the site. In 1837 Nash Vaughan EdwardsVaughan of Rheola sub-leased to the partners land at Bettws, northeast of Tondu, including properties named as Celfidd Evan Issa and Ucha, Tyla Coch, Mole Gala and Ty'n y Waun, for coal-mining for ninety-nine years, for £350 galeage and sevenpence per ton up to 19,000 tons, dropping to sixpence per ton after that amount. EdwardsVaughan had leased part of this land from Sir John Nicholl in 1828 to open a drift colliery at Bettws and also to connect this drift to the railway by a tramroad, a wooden bridge over the river, and with an incline from Shwt Bridge. The entrance, with a chimney flue built into the arch to draw off foul air, still stands in the fields (at O.S. map reference SS 894977) with silt almost to the soffit.

This colliery was the main reason for Sir Robert's lease, as it provided a steady supply of coal to his Tondu Ironworks.

In 1837 he formed his interests into the Glamorgan Iron and Coal Company. His partners of the early 1830's were not included, though the leases to which they were parties were vested in the company's assets. During the industrial archaeology project carried out on the Duffryn Llynvi and Porthcawl Railway in the last few years by the Kenfig Hill and District Music and Art Society, a three-foot ten-inch cast-iron tramplate was found near the entrance to the drift, with the letters "GI & C Co" cast on it. It is now, with the other project material, in the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. Most of the stone-built houses and public houses in Aberkenfig and Tondu belong to this period and were built about 1837.

Further acquisitions followed including, in January 1838, one thousand square yards in a field called Eric Dives (sic, possibly "Erw Dwy" ?) in Coity parish for a coal yard, with a tramroad to connect with the Bridgend Railway. The latter was another horse-drawn tramroad of the same gauge and construction as the Duffryn Llynvi, connecting Bridgend with the latter at Cwm Ffos near Cefn Cribwr. Sir Robert had no shares in this railway, although, unlike the Duffryn Llynvi, it regularly made a profit.

On 6 June 1839 Sir Robert leased from the earl of Dunraven the Felin Fach farm lands, some half-a-mile from the Tondu Ironworks, the construction of which he must have commenced about 1836. The Felin Fach pit, with three shafts and an air-shaft, stood on the land now occupied by the NCB Training Centre, Tondu, and was investigated by the South East Wales Industrial Archaeology Society in 1974. The pit was originally sunk by Sir Robert to provide coal for his iron-works and is a rarity in this area as it had a water-pump to the lower levels powered by a water-wheel some eighteen feet in diameter. The deepest shaft was over four hundred feet deep, circular and brick-lined, the bricks being made without frogs and almost certainly produced at Sir Robert's brick-works, which still stands in the Tondu Ironworks complex.

On 6 July 1839 the earl of Dunraven leased to Sir Robert and his partners all the iron-stone and ore under the lands of Tyr Gunter and Parc Dio, some 447 acres, to the north of a vein of coal called Bodwr Fach which was leased to Messrs. Malins and Rawlinson, who had a furnace at Cefn Cwsc, north of Cefn Cribwr. This land had also been a source of outcrop-coal for many years. In 1830 coal at Parc Dio was worked by Thomas Collier and in 1832 carried in trams down the Bridgend Railway to supply the first gas-works at Bridgend, built by Samuel Cox. On the same day, 6 July, the earl leased adjoining land at Cwm Risca to the Cwm Risca Colliery Company, proprietors Sir F. Knowles and F. B. Long, Sir Robert's partners. In 1851 Sir Robert himself leased the land but no mention of partners was made on either occasion.

The Tyr Gunter lands were worked in a westerly direction, from a mine at Parc Colliery. Malins and Rawlinson worked theirs to the east and inevitably they were soon in collision. Constant disputes and legal wrangles took place and it was not until 23 June 1846 that the lawyers drew up an agreement defining their respective areas, the boundary being the road from Fountain, Tv Cribwr to Cwm Risca, still in use. This placed the clay mine at Tondu farm, which supplied Sir Robert's brickworks, in Malins and Rawlinson's area, but they were to pay him £150 for the machinery and to take over the buildings. These buildings are still standing. The agreement ended with the words ". . . that the parties will continue to act in a friendly spirit to prevent further disputes even though difficulties may arise on the part of Lord Dunraven."

Disputes also beset the Duffryn Llynvi shareholders, who divided into those who wanted profit and a good rate of dividend on their shares, and those who were in industry and wanted cheap freight rates for their coal, not caring if the tramroad ran at a loss. The industrialists made more profit from coal sold than from the dividends on a few hundred pounds worth of shares. Sir Robert was, of course, an industrialist, and matters reached a point when the Rev. Robert Knight of Tythegston published a fifteen-page letter, printed in 1843, addressed to Sir Robert and all shareholders. He accused the industrial majority in the management committee of passing resolutions on freight rates to their own advantage contrary to the Duffryn Llynvi and Porthcawl Railway Act and further, that they sold £100 shares at a shilling each before a shareholder's meeting so that the handpicked purchasers could then be elected to the committee to maintain the industrialists' majority.

Due to the poor returns on iron, the industrialists concentrated on raising coal, but Sir Robert continued building his ironworks as fast as his money allowed or credit could be obtained. He needed his furnaces in operation in order to benefit from the land and mineral resources for which he was paying, but as late as 1847 he only had one furnace working, although he wrote that he expected to have another in blast by May of that year.

The furnaces were erected in the traditional fashion into the side of a hill. A spur from the Duffryn Llynvi railway ran into the works area from a point some two hundred yards west of the present N.C.B. photographic offices, the latter being originally Sir Robert's 'truckshop" . The spur ran to the top of a battery of ore-calcining kilns still standing and illustrated in the accompanying plate. The calcined ore was then charged into the top of the stone-built furnaces. One hundred beehive-type coke ovens were built alongside the kilns; some remains are still extant. The charging-tower for John Brogden's later furnaces still stands on the site formerly occupied by those of Sir Robert. Coke was carried by tram from the ovens to charge the furnaces and the tramroad also ran down to the yard area to a conveniently-situated drift mine which supplied fuel both to the kilns and the furnaces. The tramroad route is the present footpath leading past the kilns. Sir Robert built houses for a blast-engine and a blast-pump. These are still standing also, and are notable for their high standard of masonry work. No record of the machinery remains, but from the design of the buildings it seems probable that they housed a beam-engine to drive a Boulton and Watt type blast pump. Puddling furnaces, a casting hou,e, and other buildings were erected to the south of the furnaces, and a further complex of brickworks, pattern shops and offices still stands and is used by the N.C.B. Estate Department as stores and garages. A tramroad also connected Felin Fach with the base of the furnaces and the yard, the abutment for the bridge over the Bridgend-Maesteg road still being visible some thirty yards north of the main N.C.B. entrance.

Sir Robert Price thus had the means to bring in his raw materials by tramroad; ore from the surrounding countryside or imported through Porthcawl, coal from Bettws, Felin Fach and elsewhere, and limestone from quarries at Quarella, Bridgend, or Pant Mawr, Cornelly. A well thought-out improvement to the coal supply from Bettws was subsequently planned and constructed. Water was needed as well as materials and a leet was built, all at one level, from

a weir north of Shwt Bridge, one-and-a-half miles from the works. A tramroad, known as Sir Robert Price's private line, was built alongside the leet from Shwt Bridge to the works and then to the Bridgend Railway, near the Parc Colliery. This tramroad cut out the need to use Vaughan's incline up to the Duffryn Llynvi railway and also avoided the tolls along the latter. Below Cildidy farm it passed through a fifty-yard tunnel in which the water flowed in a culvert below the rails. The entire system can still be traced. The overflow from the leet at Tondu ran into the stream that powered the Felin Fach water-wheel. The date on the leet deeds is 1851, but it is thought that this may be only a confirmatory document.

The agent for the Glamorgan Iron and Coal Company was James Cadman, formerly the manager of Pentwyn Iron Works, near Varteg, Monmouthshire. In 1833 he married Elizabeth Arblaster and their third child was born at Varteg in 1844, but in 1846 he held £500 in shares in the Duffryn Llynvi railway, so it appears probable that he came to Tondu in 1845, their fourth child being born there in 1850. He lived in the original Tondu House, a low, thatched building. His brother Joseph was manager to Malins and Rawlinson at Cefn Cwsc in 1851 and his brother-in-law, George Arblaster, became Sir Robert's mineral agent. As early as 1839 Sir Robert had appointed a distant relative, John Sanderson Hollyer, as cashier and accountant at Tondu. Hollyer lived at first in a house built in 1832 by Thomas Jones, weigher for the Bridgend Railway, at Aberkenfig, and which he (Jones) later kept as the Angel Inn, the name being displayed on the gable-end until the building was demolished recently. Hollyer later lived at Rhyd House, near Pen-y-fai Hospital, the house having a water-mill from which he supplied corn for the horses at the works. His eighth child received the fore-names Robert Price.

No details of any other partners in the Glamorgan Iron and Coal Company have been traced, but it could be significant that in 1851 Sir Robert's next-door neighbours in Stratton Street, Piccadilly, were George Ford and Sons, the proprietors of the large Bryndu Colliery and coke works near Pyle.

The recessions in the iron trade in 1840-2 and 1847-8 occurred at a bad time for Sir Robert. He was still hoping to obtain a return for his outlay and continued to lease yet more land, notably Bryndefaid, Ty With and Cae Quarrel farms for ore and "black-band", two hundred and ninety-three acres for ore at Cwm Risca, also six hundred and twenty-three acres at Cildidy, Bayden, Pentwyn and Gelli-las. Pressure for the repayment of debts was inevitable and by February 1847 he was begging time from Sir John Nicholl's lawyers to pay £2,000 in rents owing. He also asked them, unsuccessfully, for a loan of £5,000 ! At this time he complained that he was making iron for £3.13.0 a ton and losing £1.0.0 a ton, and that he had paid out over £100,000 for construction works in the previous year.

In 1846 the Duffryn Llynvi railway accounts show that they carried 2,637 tons of iron for the Glamorgan Iron and Coal Company in that year, or some fifty tons a week from the one furnace; 9.938 tons were also carried for Maesteg Ironworks, which was to go bankrupt in 1848.

Although Sir Robert had built up a large enterprise since 1828, his attendance at Westminster as an M.P. meant that he was unable to give sufficient personal attention to his business, so that matters were frequently left in the hands of his agents. An example of the difficulties which arose is the affair of the schooner Victoria, which was chartered in the name of the Glamorgan Iron and Coal Company to carry ore either from North Wales or Cumberland to Porthcawl for the ironworks. The schooner stranded at Rhyl and some of the cargo was thrown overboard to save the vessel. On its eventual arrival at Porthcawl the vessel was illegally seized to cover the loss of cargo and the cost of repairs that had been met by Sir Robert's Liverpool agent. Legal proceedings were commenced by the captain as a counter to those of Sir Robert's solicitors. The matter was ultimately settled out of court by James Cadman, the company's Tondu agent, but the costs had to be borne by Sir Robert, who also lost some of his cargo. Extensive enquiries have failed to establish the port at which the Vicroria's journey began and thus to discover one of the sources of the company's imported ore. It might well be Furness, where John Brogden was shipping ore to South Wales.

In August 1852 Sir Robert's solicitor in Bridgend, George Hamilton Verity, congratulated him on the completion of the works and trusted that they would afford him an adequate return for his great outlay, but the writing was on the wall. The Company struggled on beneath its ever-increasing burden of debt and in 1853 Sir Robert was forced to take the first step towards realising his assets. 0n 2 December he borrowed £10,000 from John Brogden and Sons, ironmasters, of Sale, Manchester, and Furness, Lancashire, against the security of the Glamorgan Iron and Coal Company and its leases. A very complicated series of financial transactions then took place during the period up to 20 June 1855, the nett result of which was that Sir Robert sold the company, with the works and leases, for £39,250 to the Brogdens and one Elphinstone Barchard, who put up £20,000 for a quarter share.

The money realised by the sale was but a drop in the ocean and on I November Sir Robert Price surrendered to the Bankruptcy Court. Investigations proved debts of some £85,000 and other liabilities of £104,000. The creditors and the details of their claims are too numerous to list, but they reveal the scope of his business as well as his mode of life and the desperate state of his affairs. It is clear that many creditors had withheld their claims until the news of the bankruptcy became public in the hope of eventual payment in full. It is revealing that Knowles and Long, his original partners, are listed among Sir Robert's very few debtors and this for the sum of £6,960. The Duffryn Llynvi railway cleared the £5,000 mortgage. There were very many unpaid promissory notes and bills of exchange for thousands of pounds and it was at the petition of a billbroker, H. F. Sanderson, for £4,967, that the proceedings were commenced. Claims for rentals of £2,752 and £1,079 were made by the Dunraven and Nicholl estates respectively; Bolckow, ironmasters of York, claimed £888; William Peake of Somerset £74 for ore; Isaac Clark, also of Somerset, goods and iron £1,303; and the Rev. H. H. Knight, Nottage, £83 for limestone.

Local debts in Glamorgan included many to local farmers for fodder, and to tradespeople such as Jennet Thomas of Bridgend, ironmonger, for £294; William Harris, grocer, Maesteg, £154; Allen Arblaster, grocer, Bridgend, £399 (a relative of Cadman); Thomas Davids shipping agent, Porthcawl, who had participated in the Victoria incident by impounding the vessel's sails, £23; and J. S. Hollyer, salary due £133. The storekeeper of the truckshop, Phillip Davies of Aberkenfig, is listed for £372, plus £723 for goods not paid for; Thomas Jones the weigher and innkeeper, Aberkenfig, £35.

[n Hereford, there were debts outstanding to F. L. Bodenham, solicitors, £1,055; as a result of Sir Robert's progressively declining health J. Griffin, surgeon,was owed £207, and Michael Leahy, for medical attention at the ironworks, £62. in London, George Fletcher, tailor, New Bond Street, £34; Isaac Aldebert, Long Acre, hire of carriages, £91; and Edward Charles, veterinary surgeon, £7.

Personal tragedies are illustrated in some of the claims, such as that of George Bevan, Tondu, for wages, £35, marked "gone to Australia", and Mrs. Hancocks, the housekeeper at Foxley Court, £300. Some firms in existence today have the doubtful pleasure of knowing that their antecedents were owed money by Sir Robert, notably H. H. Fardon, Worcester, owed £66 for soap; John Snelgrove, draper, of Oxford Street, London, £18 for hats; and William Bryant of Plymouth and Francis May of Southwark, oil merchants, £351 for oil. This last claim indicates that the debt was incurred before Bryant and May had introduced their safety-matches, but it is not clear whether the oil was for use at Foxley or in the mines.

Sir Robert was also compelled to sell his estates in Herefordshire, which were purchased by John Davenport of Leek, but the proceeds were subject to the repayment of the substantial loans from his wife's trustees. From the remainder an offer of five shillings in the pound was made. This was accepted and the bankruptcy proceedings annulled, possibly because of the certainty that no more could be expected and also because of Sir Robert's poor health. He retained his town house at Stratton Street and died there some two years later on 5 November 1857, at the age of seventy-one. The death certificate gives the cause in the contemporary phraseology as "general paralysis coming on since 1855".

The city of Hereford went into mourning for its chief steward and M.P. The coffin was brought from London by train and the city council, led by F. L. Bodenham, followed it to the city limits. Sir Robert Price was buried in Yazor Church, which he had built in happier times.

Lady Price went to live at I Lowndes Square, London, where she died after managing to pay all the outstanding debts of her late husband. There were no children of the marriage. Sir Robert's successors, John Brogden and Sons and their enterprises in Glamorgan have been dealt with by Leonard S. Higgins, O.B.E. (Glamorgan Slistorian, vol 10,pp. 148-156). They brought in their own people and James Cadman purchased a partnership in the Maesteg Ironworks Company, becoming manager and subsequently going to Russia as an ironmaster. On his return he purchased Skipping Colliery, Tenby, in 1862. J. S. Hollyer became a metal merchant in Cardiff, living in the Newport Road.

Thus ended Robert Price's contribution to the iron industry in Glamorgan. In spite of large injections of borrowed capital into the business, he failed, not from want of courage or narrowness of vision, but largely from lack of technical knowledge and the fact that he was rarely on the spot to take control and provide impetus. Had he been able to hold out until the upsurge in the iron trade in 1854, due to the Crimean War, things might have been different. The remains of his kilns, buildings and civil engineering works still stand as witness to one man's enterprise and have become part of Glamorgan's history.

S0URCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This article is based mainly on the following material: Hereford Times, 1857 and 1878 (obituary notices); Leonard S. Higgins, Newton Nottage and Porthcawl (Llandysul, 1968), Annals of Grillon's Club, National Coal Board, Leases and agreements, Pubic Record Office, Bankruptcy proceedings, Sir R. Price (B9/ 180-1) and Duffryn Llynvi and Porthcawl Railway Company, Minutes and accounts (DLP 1-4); Kenfig Hill & District Music and Art Society, Duffryn Llynvi and Porthcawl Railway industrial archaeology project; South-East Wales Industrial Archaeology Society, Felin Fach water-wheel project, 1974.

The author is much indebted to Mr. John Blundell, Mr. M. A. McLaggan, and Mr. Dennis Verity for making available and explaining the contents of their family papers; to Mr. Leonard Higgins, O.B.E., and Mr. D. Morgan-Rees, O.B.E., for invaluable assistance and advice; to Mr. John Morgan for help with legal material, and to the Glamorgan Archive Service. The assistance of the following is also gratefully acknowledged- N. A. M. Rodger, Public Record Office; J. A. G.Gere, Keeper, Department of Prints and Drawings, British Museum; B. J.Whitehouse, A.L.A., City Librarian, Hereford; Miss E. M. Jancey, Deputy County Archivist, Record Office, Hereford; Miss Elizabeth Inglis-Jones, Camberley, A. G. Mein, Solicitor, N.C.B. Legal Department; G. A. C. Dart, F.L.A., County Librarian, South Glamorgan; and Raymond Bowen of Dinas Powis.