Science
The scientific renaissance that followed Bacon's time marks a change in philosophical beliefs every bit as significant as that in the arts. Men such as Leonardo da Vinci, who approached science from a practical standpoint, foreshadowed many of the ideas of Galileo, Kepler and Newton, but did not write up their discoveries in any coherent form. The best we have is Leonardo's collection of notebooks, which indicate his studies and philosophies. In one sense, Leonardo was all experiment and represented the opposite extreme to the Greeks.
Leonardo held an opposing view of motion to Aristotle.  Aristotle claimed that nothing moved unless it was made to do so by God, the Unmoved Mover.  Leonardo suggests the opposite, writing in his notebook, 'Nothing perceptible by the senses is able to move itself… every body has a weight in the direction of the movement.' In other words, matter has an innate tendency to move in a certain direction unless stopped. This anticipates the notion of inertia first postulated by Galileo some half-century later and eventually formalised by Newton.