Letter to Thomas Pennant, August 4, 1767
It has been my misfortune never to have had any neighbours whose studies have led
them towards
the pursuit of natural knowledge; so that, for want of a companion
to quicken my industry and
sharpen my attention, I have made but slender progress in a kind of information to which I have
been attached from my childhood.
As to swallows (Hirundines rusticce) being
found in a torpid state during the winter in the Isle of
Wight, or any part of this country, I never heard any such account worth attending to. But a
clergyman, of an inquisitive turn, assures me, that when he was a great boy, some workmen, in
pulling down the battlements of a church tower early in the spring, found two or three swifts
(Hirundines apodes] among the rubbish, which were, at first appearance, dead; hut, on being
carried toward the fire, revived. He told me that, out of his great care to preserve them, ho put them
in a paper bag, and hung them by the kitchen fire, where they were suffocated.
Another intelligent person has informed me that, while he was a schoolboy at Brighthelmstone,
in
Susses, a great fragment of the chalk-cliff fell down one stormy winter on the beach, and that many
people found swallows among the rubbish; but, on my questioning
him whether he saw any of
those birds himself, to my no small disappointment, he answered me in the negative, but that
others assured him they did.
Young broods of swallows began to appear this year on July the eleventh, and young
martins
(Hirundines urlicee) were then fledged in their nests. Both
species will breed again once; for I see
by my Fauna of last year, that broods came forth so late as September the eighteenth. Are not
these late hatchings more in favour of hiding than migration ? Nay, some young martins remained
in their nests last year so late as September the twenty-ninth; and yet they totally disappeared
with us by the fifth of October.
How strange is it that tho swift, which seems to live exactly the same life as the
swallow and
house- martin, should leave us before the middle of August invariably ! :
while the latter stay often
to the middle of October; and once I saw numbers of house-martins on the seventh of November.
The martins and redwing fieldfares 'were flying in sight together—an uncommon assemblage of
winter birds !
A little yellow bird (it is either a species of the Alauda
trivialis, or rather perhaps-of the Motacilla
trochilus) still continues to make a sibilous shivering noise in the top of tall woods.
The Stoparola of Ray (for which wo have as
yet no name in these parts) is called, in your Zoology,
the flycatcher. There is one circumstance characteristic of this bird, which seems to have escaped
observation, and that is, it takes its stand on the top of some stake or post, from whence it springs
forth on its prey, catching a fly in the air, and hardly ever touching the ground, but returning still
to
the same stand for many times together.
I perceive there are more than one species of the Motor-cilia,
trochilus: Mr. Derham supposes,in
Ray's "Philosophical Letters," that he has discovered three. In these there is again an instance
of
some very common birds that have as yet no English name.
Mr. Stillingfleet makes a question whether the blackcap (Motacilla
atricapilla) be a bird of passage
or not; I think there is no doubt of it, for in April, in the first fine weather, they come trooping
all at
once into these parts, but are never seen in the winter. They are delicate songsters.
Numbers of snipes breed every summer in some moory ground on the verge of this parish.
It is very
amusing to see the cock bird on wing at that time, and to hear his piping and humming notes.
I have had no opportunity yet of procuring any of those mice
which I mentioned to you in town. The
person that brought me the last says they aro plenty in harvest, at which time I will take care to get
more;
and will endeavour to put the matter out of doubt, whether it be a nondescript species or not.
I suspect much there
may be two species of water- rats. Ray says, and LinnaBus after him, that the water-
rat is web-footed behind. Now I have discovered a rat on the banks of our little stream that is not
web-
footed, and yet is an excellent swimmer and diver: it answers exactly to the Mus umpliibius of
Linnaeus
(see Syst. Nat.), which he says, " natat in fossis et urinatur." I should be glad to
procure one "plantis
palmatis." Linnasus seems to be in a puzzle about his Mus amphibius, and to doubt whether
it differs
from his Mus terrestris; which, if it be, as he allows, the " Mus agrestis capite grandi,
brachyuros," of Ray,
is widely different from the water-rat, both in size, make, and manner of life.
As to the Falco,
which I mentioned in town, I shall take the liberty to send it down to you into Wales;
presuming on your candour, that you will excuse me if it should-appear as familiar to you as it is strange
to me. Though mutilated, qualeni dices . . . antehae fuisse, tales cum sint reliqulce ! "