The first academy of painting and drawing from life in Britain was set up in 1711 by Kneller, a leading painter of the time of Queen Anne. Kneller himself was governor of the academy, based in Great Queen Street, London, until 1716, at which time Thornhill, his great rival, took over the body. In 1720 arguments within the academy lead to Thornhill splitting off to start a new school in Covent Garden, and his son in law, William Hogarth, took the remaining members of the academy to a new site in St Martin's Lane. It was this academy, under Hogarth, that thrived, and formulated the plan for a British academy for all the arts.

The Dilettanti Society, founded in 1734 from a group of wealthy art amateurs, also became interested in the concept of a British academy, and in 1755 they held discussions with Hogarth's St Martin's Lane Academy in an effort to set up such an institution. However, the Dilettanti Society felt the best way would be for themselves to be in charge of the proposed institution, and to choose the President, and the St Martin's Academy could not agree to this.

Another new body, the Society of Artists - set up to exhibit its members pictures - by the early 1760s had attracted membership of many prominent artists - Hogarth himself, and the two great portrait painters of the time, Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds.

In 1765 the Society of Artists were given a Royal Charter, and by this time all the well-known artists working in Britain had become members, and the Society had a good income from entrance fees to its exhibitions. All that was needed was a school for students, and this could become the long-demanded British academy of the arts.

Unfortunately, there was great rivalry within the society, with quarrels over who got the most advantageous placings for their pictures at the exhibitions, and over tickets to private views. Worst was a fight for the presidency of the Society - both Reynolds and Gainsborough distanced themselves from the unseemly proceedings, and two architects, Sir William Chambers and James Paine, vied for the control. Paine won, eventually becoming President in 1770. Chambers vowed revenge, and decided to form a new artistic body, of such importance that it would become pre- eminent over all others.

As former architectural tutor to the King, Chambers had the best connections, and his formal proposal for a Royal Academy was accepted by the King in 1768. In 1769 the Royal Academy came into existence.

The new Royal Academy was to contain a maximum 40 Academicians (RA), to which group a new member could be elected only after the death of an existing member. Associates (ARA) to the number of 20 were also elected, and it became the rule that new Academicians were elected from existing ARAs. The officers of the Academy included a President (PRA), a Council of eight members, a Secretary, Librarian, Keeper and others. Professors in painting, architecture, perspective and anatomy were appointed, soon joined by Professors in Sculpture, Chemistry and others, to support the educational activities of the Academy. The Academy Schools were set up, to teach without charge to students, and included drawing from life, later painting from old masters, and painting from life. Students could win travelling scholarships to pursue their studies abroad. The Academy also gave to artists in need.

The King provided initial funding for the Academy to set up in Pall Mall, but the bulk of the money, allowing the Academy to be financially independent, were the fees from exhibitions. The cramped Pall Mall quarters provided by the King were abandoned for new apartments in Somerset House in 1780, and the Academy remained there until 1836.

The new National Gallery was completed in 1836, and the Royal Academy vacated Somerset House to move there, occupying the East Wing. By 1850 the Government were proposing that the Academy move elsewhere due to pressure on space as the national collection of pictures grew, but the Academy resisted - the President at the time was Eastlake, who became Director of the National Gallery concurrently, and it must have been convenient for him to have both organisations occupying the same building. In the early 1860s it was mooted that the paintings could be taken away, perhaps to the South Kensington Museum, and the Academy could have the whole of the Trafalgar Square building. However, in 1868, a hundred years after its formation, it was in fact the Royal Academy that moved out, to Burlington House in Piccadilly, where it still remains.

Cook's first voyage (1768-71) was a collaborative venture under the auspices of the Admiralty and the Royal Society. The original intention was to organise a scientific voyage to observe the transit of the planet Venus from Tahiti, and this was supplemented by instructions to search for the great southern continent, Terra Australis Incognita, whose location had intrigued and baffled European navigators and projectors since the 16th century.

Captain Cook's voyage around New Zealand and the east coast of Australia.  With Lieutenant Cook (as he was at that time) sailed the botanist Joseph Banks, the astronomer Charles Green, and a small retinue of scientific assistants and artists. Cook's ship, the Endeavour, was a bluff-bowed Whitby collier chosen for her strength, shallow draught, and storage capacity. Although the ship was to change, the type did not; the Resolution of the second and third voyages was of the same build, and even came from the same shipyard as the Endeavour, to whose qualities, wrote Cook,

Cook sailed first to Tahiti to carry out those astronomical observations that were the initial reason for the voyage, before turning south where, his instructions told him, 'there is reason to imagine that a Continent or Land of great extent, may be found.'

After reaching latitude 40°S, without sight of land, he sailed west to New Zealand, whose coasts he charted in a little over six months to show that they were not part of a southern continent.

From there Cook pointed the Endeavour towards the unexplored eastern parts of New Holland (the name given by the Dutch to Australia in the 17th century). Cook sailed north along the shores of present-day New South Wales and Queensland, charting as he went. After a hair-raising escape from the dangers of the Great Barrier Reef he reached the northern tip of Australia at Cape York, where he annexed the east coast on the grounds that it was terra nullius, no person's land.

He then sailed through the Torres Strait, so settling the dispute as to whether New Holland and New Guinea were joined. With only one ship Cook had put more than 5,000 miles of previously unknown coastline on the map. The twin islands of New Zealand, the east coast of Australia and the Torres Strait had at last emerged from the mists of uncertainty.