The global average level of stratospheric ozone
fell by about 5 per cent during the eight years from 1979 to 1986.
In the tropics the trend is nearly independent of the season,
between 0.5 and 1.0 per cent per year. Outside them the losses vary
seasonally and increase with the latitude, becoming greatest at the
poles. Since 1969 ozone levels have fallen by about 2 per cent in
temperate latitudes in summer, and around 5 to 6 per cent in
winter. There have been especially sharp seasonal drops in
Antarctica and recently over the Arctic.
Stratospheric ozone is a form of oxygen that acts
as a filter for harmful ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) emitted by the
sun. It also is one of the minor greenhouse gases, but its effect
on ultraviolet radiation is far more important. Several
manufactured chemicals, especially some of the chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) and halons, accelerate the breakdown of stratospheric ozone.
The consequent increased exposure of people to UV-B will lead to
increased incidence of skin cancer, sunburns, eye damage, and the
aging and wrinkling of skin. In addition there will be harmful
effects on other species, including some important agricultural
crops. Increased UV-B also has a tendency to suppress the
efficiency of the body's immune system and to increase the
incidence of skin infections. UV-B can also damage plant hormones
and chlorophyl and reduce the rate of photosynthesis. Plant species
sensitive to UV-B, such as cotton, peas, beans, melons, and
cabbage, would grow more slowly, and in some cases pollen would
fail to germinate. Increased UV-B levels would also damage algae
and aquatic ecosystems, perhaps leading to declines in fish
stocks.
The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances That
Deplete the Ozone Layer entered into force on 1st January 1989. It
calls on the signatories to reduce production and consumption of
harmful chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by 50 per cent from 1986 to
2000; a ten- year delay is allowed for developing countries whose
consumption is less than 0.3 kilograms per capita. Measures have
already been taken in some countries to reduce or ban the use of
the controlled CFCs in all or some products, non-essential
aerosols, for example. Some recent studies point to the necessity
of amending the Montreal Protocol to ban the production of CFCs and
halons altogether and to freeze the production of methyl
chloroform. In May 1989 in the Helsinki Declaration on the
Protection of the Ozone Layer, ministers and senior officials of 81
countries and the European Community agreed to a total phase-out of
ozone-depleting CFCs by the year 2000 or sooner if possible. They
also agreed both to phase out halons and to control and reduce
other ozone-depleting substances that contribute significantly to
ozone depletion as soon as feasible. In addition, they agreed to
"facilitate the access of developing countries to relevant
scientific information, research results and training and to seek
to develop appropriate funding mechanisms to facilitate the
transfer of technology and replacement of equipment at minimum cost
to developing countries". They committed themselves, "in proportion
to their means and resources, to accelerate the development of
environmentally acceptable substituting [sic] chemicals,
products and technologies". Major producers and users of CFCs are
seeking alternatives to CFCs for use in foam blowing,
refrigeration, air- conditioning, solvents and other uses. Several
major companies that use CFCs and halons recently agreed to
eliminate these chemicals in their world-wide operations. One of
the major producing companies (the DuPont Corporation) has
indicated that it will phase out its production of CFCs entirely
over the next few years.